Monday, March 19, 2007

Wa'ko'kin Goethe a Hausa: Yadda Hausa ke 'kara buwaya


Daga Muhammad K. Muhammad


Johann Wolfgang von Goethe wani bawan Allah ne da ya yi rayuwa a 'kasar Jamus a 'karni na 18 zuwa na 19 (1749-1832) miladiyya. Saboda shaharar Goethe a fagen adabi, a iya kamanta shi da Shakespeare na 'kasar Ingila. Ko da yake Goethe ya shahara sosai a fannin rubutattun wa'ko'ki, shi fasihi ne a 'bangarorin rayuwa daban-daban.



Baya ga wa’ko’ki, Goethe ya yi fice a rubutun wasan kwaikwayo, da ‘kagaggen labari. Sannan kuma ya yi suna matu’ka a harkar binciken kimiyya, musamman nazarin tsirrai, wanda ya shiga yi sakamakon sha’awar da lura da halittu ya saka masa. Sannan kuma Goethe ya la’kanci harsunan Faransanci, Ingilishi, Italiyanci, Latin, Girkanci, da Ibraniyanci (Hebrew). Burinsa a rayuwa shi ne, ya kasance abin misali ga sauran jama’a a kan dukkan al’amuran rayuwa.
Masana sun bayyana cewa yadda Goethe ya fad’ad’a ayyukansa ya sanya ya samu abin cewa a kan dukkan ra’ayoyi ko mahanga daban-daban na zamaninsa, sannan kuma ya taryi abin da zai zo a zamanin da muke ciki a yau. Wad’annan masana sukan bayar da misali da wani littafin ‘kagaggen labari da ya rubuta a 1829 mai suna Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre, oder Die Entsagenden (Yawon Duniyar Wilhelm Meisters ko Ma’kamarsa), inda yayi magana a kan ci gaban masana’antu da kuma ‘kwarewa ta musamman a wani ‘bangare.
Tasirinsa a kan harkar adabi a ‘kasar Jamus da sauran ‘kasashe masu amfani da harshen Jamusanci ba ya misaltuwa, kuma har gobe ruwa na maganin daud’a, ma’ana har gobe tasirinsa a kan adabin Jamusanci bai gushe ba. Shi ya sa ma aka sanya wa babbar cibiyar al’adu ta ‘kasar Jamus suna Cibiyar Goethe (Goethe Institut).
Goethe ya fi shahara a duniyar adabi da littafin da ya rubuta na wasan kwaikwayo cikin wa’ke mai suna Faust. Faust labarin wani mutum ne masanin kimiyya da sihiri, wanda ya rayu a ‘karni na 16, wanda kuma Goethe ya ala’kanta shi da gwagwarmayar rayuwa ta d’an-Adam, da al’umma, da kuma siyasa. An buga wani ‘bangare na wannan labari a shekarar 1790, kashi na d’aya na littafin kuma an buga shi a 1808, kashi na biyu kuma bayan rasuwar Goethe a 1832.
A cikin shahararrun wa’ko’kin da Goethe ya rubuta, akwai kundin wa’ko’kinsa (wato diwani) wanda ake kira West-östlicher Divan (Diwanin Gabas da Yamma). A cikin wannan littafin wa’ko’ki, Goethe ya bayyana irin tasirin da mawa’kin nan na ‘kasar Farisa (Iran) mai suna Muhammad Shamsuddin Hafiz ya yi a kansa. Babu shakka baituka da dama a cikin wannan littafi sun yi kama da wasu a cikin Diwan na Hafiz. Hasali ma a bangon wannan littafin na Goethe, a ‘bangaren dama, an rubuta sunan littafin da Jamusanci, yayin da a ‘bangaren hagu kuma aka rubuta fassararsa da Larabci, ko da ya ke fassarar ba ta bayar da ma’anar Jamusancin sosai da sosai ba.
Ga wanda ya rubuta wannan fassara (Diwanin Gabas na Marubucin Yamma) littafin na Gabashin Duniya ne yayin da marubucinsa kuma d’an Yammacin Duniya ne. A zahiri kuma ga wasu daga cikin manazarta, haka al’amarin yake don kuwa Goethe ya yi amfani ne da salo irin na Hafiz, da tunani irin nasa. Daga cikin babi-babi na wannan littafin har akwai wanda Goethe ya sanyawa suna Buch Hafiz (wato Babin Hafiz) inda ya ke cewa: “Kai nake kwaikwayo matu’ka/Ni ma da an kai min baiwa/Da sanin littattafai tsarkaka”.
West-östlicher Divan ya ‘kunshi fiye da wa’ko’ki 200 wad’anda aka karkasa su zuwa babi 12. Ko wanne daga cikin babin kuma an ba shi suna biyu, d’aya na Jamusanci, d’aya na Farisanci. Misali, babin farko a West-östlicher Divan, sunansa Buch des Sängers (Littafin Mawa’ka) a Jamusanci da kuma Moganni Nameh a Farisanci. Haka nan kuma akwai Buch der Betrachtungen/Tefkir Nameh, Buch der Sprüche/Hikmet Nameh, da sauransu.
Wasu masana sun bayyana cewa Goethe ya rubuta West-östlicher Divan ne saboda wata matsananciyar soyayya da ya afka. Goethe ya yi soyayya da mata da d’an dama wad’anda suka had’a da Charlotte von Stein, wadda ta grime shi da shekara bakwai, Christiane Vulpius (wadda ta haifa masa d’a mai suna August), Minna Herzlieb, da kuma Marianne von Willemer, budurwar da ya rubuta West-östlicher Divan saboda ita, ita ce kuma ta fito a littafin da sunan Suleika, kamar yadda Charlotte von Stein ta fito a Faust.
A d’angon ‘karshe na d’aya daga cikin wa’ko’kinsa, Goethe yana cewa: “Rad’ad’in ‘kauna ya nemi wuri/Inda zai ke’be don samun kad’aici/Nan ya bid’o zuciya ta kango/Sai ya shige a ciki ya la’bo.” Haka nan littafin ya yi magana a kan al’amuran addini, inda ya ‘kunshi kalamai da ‘kissoshi daga Baibul da Al’kur’ani. Daga cikin sunayen da Goethe ya ambata akwai Annabi Adamu, Annabi Ibrahim, Annabi Isa (AS) da Annabi Muhammadu (SAW). Wasu manazarta na ganin cewa abin da ya had’a Goethe da Hafiz shi ne irin tunanin bijire wa tsarin da al’ummar Turai ta ke kai a wancan zamanin da Goethe ya rayu, kamar yadda Hafiz ma ya bijire wa tsarin da shi ma ya gada.
Amma idan aka je aka zo, ana kallon wannan kundi na Goethe a matsayin wani mataki na had’a kan gabashi da yammacin duniya duk da irin bambance-bambancen da ke tsakaninsu. Wannan ne ma ya sa ‘kungiyar UNESCO ta gina wasu kujeru masu fuskantar juna a garin Weimar da ke ‘kasar Jamus, a bayan gidan Goethe don tunawa da wad’annan marubuta guda biyu.
Saboda muhimmancin harshen Hausa, ba kawai ga ‘kasar Jamus ba, har ma da matsayin harshen a wannan mu’kabala ta gabas da yamma, yanzu wasu manazarta sun fassara West-östlicher Divan zuwa harshen Hausa. Wannan littafi mai suna Waqoqin Goethe, wani tsohon Farfesa a Sashen Nazarin Harsunan Afirka a Jami’ar Goethe da ke Frankfurt, Herrmann Jungraithmayr, shi ne ya fassara shi tare da had’in gwiwar wani abokin aikinsa, Yahaya Ahmed. A mu’kaddimar littafin, marubutan sun kawo tarihin wa’ko’kin, muhimmancin harshen Hausa ga adabi, da kuma matakan da suka bi wajen yin fassarar.
A 'karshen littafin kuma, mai ‘kunshe da wa’ko’ki 20 daga Divan na Goethe, manazartan sun kattaba wata wa’kar, tasu.




Wannan nazari ya fara fitowa ne a jaridar Aminiya ta 16 ga Maris, 2007.

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